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Child Life During the American Revolution Essay

During the American Revolution, kids were not a major inclusion in it, in any case, they were as yet dynamic during it. Indeed, during this time, there was not so much a decent schools framework for youngsters. Young men were generally out working an occupation or going to class. They did a large portion of the cash work out of the considerable number of youngsters. Additionally, while the young men were working, the young ladies were at home taking in appropriate behavior from their mom or a house slave. Young ladies were instructed to be very elegant during all hours. It was uncommon to see a young ladies go to class getting legitimate instruction. In conclusion, a portion of the more established young men were out battling in the Revolutionary War. Young men would accomplish war work at a youthful age in those days. One thing that young men did during the American Revolution is go to class and land positions. Their sort of educational system during the American Revolution dislike our educational system today. In the late 1700s weren’t as organized, settled, and entangled. At the schools the young men went to they adapt for the most part about Christianity and how to peruse and compose. Young men went to language structure school and school. There was a state funded school that was free for training and afterward there was a tuition based school that you need to pay. Individuals in the Middle Class and Upper Class were normally the main class of individuals that went to class. In those days, school wasn’t compulsory. On the off chance that a kid wasn’t in school he would as a rule be working. It was normally a low paying activity since cash was restricted during the American Revolution. There are not very many occupations that a kid (not a man) can get during the American Revolution. One of the main employments a kid could get is a spot in the war. As in, they’d be partaking in the Revolutionary War. One thing that young ladies did during the American Revolution is remaining at home learning legitimate behavior. They’d for the most part take in this from their mom. On the off chance that they were in a family where slaves were dealt with honorably and realized how to peruse and compose, (for instance, how Miss Mary Finch treated Isabel and her family in the book Chains by Laurie Halse Anderson) at that point here and there an old house slave would encourage her while her mother is no more. Here and there when a family doesn’t own a slave they remain at home and clean, for the most part. It was uncommon for a young lady to have legitimate training in this timeframe. Young ladies were not permitted in language school or school, yet most young ladies despite everything realized how to peruse and compose. I a young lady wound down to have training at all she would need to go to a self-taught instruction. Self-taught young ladies were not instructed at a similar level the young men that went to class were. The young ladies were shown religion as well, be that as it may, hello were just shown straightforward math and basic English. They weren’t truly showed anything confounded. In conclusion, a typical activity that a kid would get during the American Revolution is going into the Revolutionary War. Despite the fact that the greater part of the men battling in the war were from the ages 8 to 50 or 60, there were young men that were 12 at the most youthful. The really had an entirely significant activity in the war. The vast majority of the 12, 13, and multi year olds were â€Å"drummer boys†. The drummer young men made â€Å"field music† for the troopers. The drums were a significant methods for passing on requests to the warriors on the front line. A few youngsters were â€Å"powder monkeys†. â€Å"Powder moneys† are the individuals whose activity was to run and convey powder charges from the lower transport underneath the waterline to the firearm teams firing the guns during the fights. The more seasoned children (around 15 or 16) ventured out onto the ocean as sailors. A sailor is a navel cadet. As should be obvious, kids weren’t gave that numerous open doors during this timeframe. There weren’t kids out playing with their companions, going out to see the films, and so forth. They were extremely constrained to what they could do. Young men could, extremely, just go to class or find a new line of work. Young ladies just remained at home and once in a while go legitimate instruction. Additionally, young men could go along with he war. The kid life during the American Revolution was constrained.

How to Improve Social Skills in Children With ADHD

How to Improve Social Skills in Children With ADHD ADHD Parenting Print How to Improve Social Skills in Children With ADHD By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 17, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Hero Images / Getty Images Having positive peer relationships and friendships is important for all children. Unfortunately, many kids with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a hard time making and keeping friends and being accepted within the larger peer group. The impulsiveness, hyperactivity, and inattention associated with ADHD can wreak havoc on a childs attempts to connect with others in positive ways.?? Not being accepted by ones peer group, feeling isolated, different, unlikeable and aloneâ€"this is perhaps the most painful aspect of ADHD-related impairments and these experiences carry long-lasting effects. Positive connections with others are so important. Though kids with ADHD desperately want to make friends and be liked by the group, they often just dont know how. The good news is that you can help your child develop these social skills and competencies. Increasing Your Childs Social Awareness Research finds that children with ADHD tend to be extremely poor monitors of their own social behavior.?? They often do not have a clear understanding or awareness of social situations and the reactions they provoke in others. They may feel that an interaction with a peer went well, for example, when it clearly did not. ADHD-related difficulties can result in weaknesses in this ability to accurately assess or read a social situation, self-evaluate, self-monitor, and adjust as necessary. These skills must be taught directly to your child. Teach Skills Directly and Practice, Practice, Practice Children with ADHD tend to have a hard time learning from past experiences. They often react without thinking through consequences.?? One way to help these kids is to provide immediate and frequent feedback about inappropriate behavior or social miscues. Role-playing can be very helpful to teach, model, and practice positive social skills, as well as ways to respond to challenging situations like teasing. Start by focusing on one or two areas your child is struggling with the most. This helps ensure the learning process doesnt become too overwhelming. Many kids with ADHD have difficulty with the basics, like starting and maintaining a conversation or interacting with another person in a reciprocal manner (for example, listening, asking about the other childs ideas or feelings, taking turns in the conversation, or showing interest in the other child), negotiating and resolving conflicts as they arise, sharing, maintaining personal space, and even speaking in a normal tone of voice that isnt too loud.?? Clearly identify and give information to your child about social rules and the behaviors you want to see. Practice these prosocial skills again and again and again. Shape positive behaviors with immediate rewards.?? Teaching Kids With ADHD Succeed in Group Settings Create Opportunities for Friendship Development For preschool and elementary school-age children, play dates provide a wonderful opportunity for parents to coach and model positive peer interactions for their child and for the child to practice these new skills.?? Set up these playtimes between your child and one or two friends at a timeâ€"rather than a group of friends. Structure the playtime so that your child can be most successful. Think of yourself as your childs friendship coach. Carefully consider the length of time a playdate will run and choose activities that will keep your child most interested. As a child gets older, peer relationships and friendships are often more complicated, but it is equally important for you to continue to be involved and to facilitate positive peer interactions. The middle school and high school years can be brutal for a child who struggles socially. Even if a child remains unaccepted by the peer group at large, having at least one good friend during these years can often protect the child from the full-on negative effects of ostracism by the peer group. Middle or high schoolers who have experienced social isolation and repeated rejection may feel desperate to belong to any peer group that accepts themâ€"even one with a negative influence. Research and get involved in groups in your community that foster positive peer relationships and social skills development like Boy Scouts, Indian Guides, Girl Scouts, Girls on the Run, sports teams, etc. Make sure the group leaders or coaches are familiar with ADHD and can create a supportive and positive environment for learning prosocial skills. Communicate with the school, coaches, and neighborhood parents so you know what is going on with your child and with whom your child is spending time. A childs peer group and the characteristics of this group have a strong influence on the individuals within the group. Work With the School to Improve Peer Status Once a child is labeled by his or her peer group in a negative way because of social skill deficits, it can be very hard to dispel this reputation. In fact, having a negative reputation is perhaps one of the largest obstacles your child may have to overcome socially. Studies have found that the negative peer status of children with ADHD is often already established by early-to-middle elementary school years and this reputation can stick with the child even as he or she begins to make positive changes in social skills.?? For this reason, it can be helpful for parents to work with their childs teachers, coaches, etc. to try to address these reputational effects. Establish a positive working relationship with your childs teacher. Tell them about your childs areas of strength and interests, as well as what theyve been struggling with. Share any strategies youve found helpful when working on your childs areas of weakness. Young children often look to their teacher when forming social preferences about their peers. A teachers warmth, patience, acceptance, and gentle redirection can serve as a model for the peer group and have some effect on a childs social status. When a child has experienced failures in the classroom, it becomes even more and more important for the childs teacher to consciously find ways to draw positive attention to that child. One way to do this is to assign the child special tasks and responsibilities in the presence of the other children in the classroom. Make sure these are responsibilities in which your child can experience success and develop better feelings of self-worth and acceptance within the classroom. Doing this also provides opportunities for the peer group to view your child in a positive light and may help to stop the group process of peer rejection. Pairing the child up with a compassionate buddy within the classroom can also help facilitate social acceptance. Tips for Creating ADHD-Settings at Home and at School Collaborate with your childs teacher to make sure the classroom environment is as ADHD-friendly as possible so that your child is better able to manage ADHD symptoms. Work together with the teacher (and coach or another adult caregiver) on effective behavior management approaches, as well as social skills training. Medication, when appropriate, is often helpful in reducing the negative behaviors that peers find off-putting.?? If your child is on medication to help manage symptoms of ADHD, be sure to work closely and collaboratively with your childs doctor. In order for the medication to provide the optimal benefit that it can in helping to manage the core ADHD symptoms, there is often an ongoing need to monitor, fine-tune, and make adjustments along the way. 18 Strategies to Help Students with ADHD

Suncor Energy Case Analysis - 2624 Words

Human Resources Management Assignment #1- Research Assignment Executive summary Suncor Energy is a company I would like to work for because they have a solid foundation for both business and employee success. Also, the company has an achievement- oriented culture, enormous opportunities for career growth, a very competitive compensation package, an industry leading experience and a great reputation for social and environmental responsibility. Subsequent to my research into Suncor Energy, I remain interested in working there because my research shows that they embrace diversity and have great opportunities for everyone from new graduates all the way to seasoned professionals. They also have a dynamic mix of newcomers†¦show more content†¦This method will help them find and appreciate possibilities together for pursuing enduring resolutions that will positively impact communities, future generations and the company. It will also ensure that both the company and the communities will always understand each other s interests, issues, needs and concerns. Also, they support programs and institutions that contribute to building an educated and engaged workforce7. This enriches the individual’s skills and also provides skilled workforce for the company as they will be operating in a knowledge and skill rich environment. Suncor Energy’s strategic involvement in corporate social responsibility is a very important factor for me as a possible future employee. I believe a company who gives back to the community where it operates will treat its employees with respect. Their involvement in corporate social responsibility will create a community that will be fertile with employable talents in the future. This participation in corporate social responsibility is seen as an advantage for the company as it will develop the community in which it draws its resources, both human and material. It will also boost the company’s reputation and corporate image and subsequently attract quality applicants. Environmental factors that may influence the future of Suncor Energy and the implications on the employees and the Human Resources Department. Changes in commodity prices may alter theShow MoreRelated2013 Fiscal And Environmental Analysis1307 Words   |  6 PagesSuncor Investment Report Case Study 2010 – 2013 Fiscal and Environmental Analysis Written Report Turner Fenton SS Date of Report: January 17th 2015 Suncor Energy Inc. Alun Stokes Mr. Barrett BBI 2O8 – A January 17th 2015 I. COMPANY ANALYSIS Suncor was founded in 1919 in Montreal, and originally incorporated as Sun Company of Canada, (Subsidiary of Sun Oil). It stayed as such until 1979, at which point the name ‘Suncor’ came to fruition through the merging of Great CanadianRead MoreClient Risk Profile Of Suncor Energy Inc.2716 Words   |  11 Pagesstatements are being prepared in the form of annual report in accordance with IFRS with the previous year corrections and restatements. In 1967, Suncor was established for the first time as development of Canada’s oil sands. Suncor energy inc. is an energy provider company, where it is headquartered in Calgary, Canada. Suncor Inc. operates in the energy sector where its primary operations include crude oil extraction, its conversion to oil, gas and, diesel; further trading the manufactured productRead MoreThe And The Un Declaration On Indigenous Rights2314 Words   |  10 Pages2020. During this conflict, Pacific NorthWest LNG stated that they are engag ed in a constructive, science-based discussion with the government of Canada to reassure the undecided public. In an in-depth analysis of the primary investor in this project, LNG is backed by a Malaysian state-owned energy giant Petronas. The goal of the project is to expect to create 4500 jobs and is estimated to generate $9 billion dollars in revenues for British Columbia in a decade. In this proposal, it seems it is tooRead MoreEvaluation Of Course Outline And The Strategic Role Of Hrm3935 Words   |  16 Pagesperson is on wheelchair. Employer needs to adjust their employment policies so that no one is denied benefits or disadvantaged. In other terms, if they have enough money to build elevator for a person on wheelchair, they have to do it. But there are cases where employers can discriminate by providing a valid reason that is based on business needs. The term referred is called†Bona fide Occupational Requirement†. I read an article by Ryan Anderson, an employmen t lawyer with Mathews Dinsdale Clark LLPRead MoreCase Report – Individual â€Å"Estore at Shell Canada Limited† Essay examples2599 Words   |  11 PagesTable 1- Ranking of Issues Analysis Strength Weakness †¢ Strong downstream presence †¢ Strong revenues †¢ Leading oil sands developer †¢ Exposure to high cost projects †¢ Underperforming online store (as of 2002) Opportunities Threats †¢ Large areas of unexplored territory †¢ Increasing demand for exports(1) †¢ Rising prices of gas and oil †¢ Strong competition †¢ Increasing price sensitivity of 95% of customers which push low profit margins Table 2- SWOT Analysis. Source: (â€Å"Canada Oil Read MoreTjx Case Study3253 Words   |  14 PageseStore at Shell Case Analysis – Student sample Case Synopsis In 2002 Shell Canada, a large Oil and Gas company, launched the eStore software application to service their price-sensitive Agricultural market segment by offering a lower cost service. Calvin Wright (eProduct manager) helped implement the eStore application, which was geared to service this Agricultural Segment market. The Agricultural Segment was considered by Shell to be high costs since local sales representatives were used inRead MoreIntroduction to Business Team Project: Canadian Natural Resources Limited6050 Words   |  25 PagesStasiak-103137566, Quinton Rossini-103137500, Rajpal Sohi-103657079, Matthew Reid-103177436 Date Submitted: Wednesday, November 30, 2011 Executive Summary Canadian Natural Resources Limited, incorporated on November 7, 1973, is an independent energy company engaged in the acquisition, exploration, development, production, marketing and sale of crude oil, NGLs, and natural gas production(Canadian Natural Resource Limited: TSE:CNQ quotes and news, n.d.). The company is environmentally consciousRead MoreValuation of Integrated Oil Gas Companies Msc Thesis33042 Words   |  133 PagesMSc Thesis: Valuation of Integrated Oil Gas Companies Irakli Menabde Valuation of Integrated Oil Gas Companies A comparative analysis of methodologies and empirical practices MSc Thesis MSc in International Business and Economics: Cand. Merc Finance and Strategic Management (FSM) Copenhagen Business School Date 09/10/2008 Author: Irakli Menabde MSc Thesis: Valuation of Integrated Oil Gas Companies Irakli Menabde Abstract The paper examines a number of empiricallyRead MoreDarden Mba Resumes16768 Words   |  68 PagesGraduate School of Business Administration University of Virginia Candidate for Master of Business Administration, May 2011 ï‚ · Awarded Batten Innovation Scholarship (merit-based full tuition scholarship); ï‚ · GMAT: 730; AWA: 5.5 ï‚ · Member of Finance Club, Energy Club and Darden Capital Management Club Charlottesville, VA Nanyang Technological University Singapore Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Engineering) and Minor in Business, June 2006 ï‚ · Awarded full scholarship (among top 50 from over 10,000 candidates)Read MoreAccounting Theory Ch 210981 Words   |  44 Pagesconcepts that I have resisted such comments. However, instructors may wish to emphasize that RRA, based on SFAS 69, is relevant to Canadian oil and gas firms whose shares are traded in the United States. In this regard, it is worth noting that Suncor Energy Inc., used as the text RRA illustration in Section 2.4.1, is a Canadian corporation. Since most large Canadian oil and gas companies report under SFAS 69, I have retained reporting under this standard in the body of this chapter. However, if more

That Was A Great Explanation There Titchener. I Always

That was a great explanation there Titchener. I always wanted to hear your view of structuralism. See I myself, think that psychology takes on a functionalism approach to the mind. To me, in order to be a functionalist or to study functionalism you have to focus your attention on the benefit and purpose of how the conscious is related to behavior rather than the mind. As a functionalist, I personally believe that the mind has the ability to help individuals adapt to the world around them, but we first have to understand the function of the mind. Functionalists want to make psychology practical. We want to be able to expand the field of psychology. However, in order for us to understand behavior, we must understand what motivates the mind.†¦show more content†¦For example, when someone gets married people become extremely happy for that person and they often tend to cry. The next principle I will briefly talk about is free will. Free will is the belief that we have control o ver our actions. It’s being able to decide on the right course of action and think voluntarily. All of this pretty much sums up my theory and opinion about what psychology really is. Watson: Well we just really learned a lot there. That was a great detailed explanation of pragmatism and functionalism. Coming back from all of that, I am now going to explain behaviorism from a behaviorist view. My idea of behaviorism was based upon the work of Pavlov. Behaviorism is basically what we learning from the association of things through different types of conditioning. In my opinion, behaviorism is objective and studies behavior without the use of mind and mental process. It can be observed through assessments. When I started at Watson, I wanted to separate psychology from philosophy and focus more on psychology and biology. I was more focused on working with my own work rather than the work of others. People didn’t understand how my work was related to psychology because it wasn’t directly related to the conscious. However, I knew what I was doing and believed that my work would bring forth a new beginning. To start working towards this new beginning I had to first redefineShow MoreRelatedEssay about Psychology: The Study of Behavior and Mental Process1347 Words   |  6 Pagesa more organized way. Wundt’s process was called objective introspection which involves examining a person’s emotional and mental processes. His aim was to record sensations and thoughts. The institute became a focal point for German philosophers and psychology students and eventually for American and British students also. Edward B. Tichener extended, his professor, Wilhelm Wundt’s original ideas and called his new standpoint structuralism. Structuralism was centered around breaking down mental processesRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind And Behavior1264 Words   |  6 Pagesobjectively. So I ve chosen to start in the year 1879 with the official opening of the first psychology laboratory by German physiologist Wilheim Wundt 1832-1920, although, nowadays his methods of experimental introspection are criticized for being too subjective and u nreliable, his introduction to the idea of using laboratory apparatus and scientifically measuring Psychology, watered the seed for the growth of Psychology as a science for future psychologists. Such as his student Edward Titchener, who went

Katie Finn Free Essays

Everything in her life was working out. She had her three best friends, a brand new boyfriend, and the lead in the school play. Who was she? Madison MacDonald was the name and she is seriously freaking out. We will write a custom essay sample on Katie Finn or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because ever since she got her Friendverse hacked her life went from perfect to terrible. The most damaging secrets are out and Madison was completely sabotaged. Now her boyfriend and she are broken up, half the school hates her, and her friends, and she’s in it deep. And now she has to figure out who could have done this, try to get her boyfriend back, and clear her name. This book takes place at first, Spring Break with Madison, the main character; or Protagonist she’s on break and her parents have decided to take her to the Galapagos Islands for the whole break. But when she returns and checks her Friendverse, her profile had been turned inside out. And then the setting mostly happens at her school. The mood of the book would make you experience the feelings of the main character. It’s mainly confusion, anger, and wonder. Because you would wonder who and why would try to sabotage Madison and be confused to what was their motive. The anger was mainly just all around Madison as she tried to get people to understand she was hacked, but yet nobody would believe her. Well, it seems that the Antagonists are Ruth, her Best Friend since Middle School, and her PC repair dude, Dell, a good friend of her, were the ones who hacked her profile. The Dynamic character was mostly Madison. Because as she learned and searched for answers, she became more mature and took total responsibility for the hack, because it was partly her fault too. Shy, another one of Madison’s closest friends, and Lissa, are the Static characters because they stayed the same through out the whole story. Releted essay –  An Empty Purse Frightens Away Friends Shy was the one who had multiple personalities, (Round Character) and Lissa mainly had one. (Flat Character) This story mainly was Indirect Characterization; you had to pick out how they were by how they acted. The author never really told you how they were. The point of view of the story is 1st person, because Madison was speaking as if we were in a movie watching things happen. Conflict was External; she was up against Person and Society. Because she was up against people and pretty much felt like it to her, the world. Themes/Motifs is Coming of Age, she has grown so much form beginning to end. And she discovered that her best friend had destroyed her relationship with her boyfriend because she had a crush on him. That she was jealous of her and that she was sick of everyone believing the â€Å"fake† Mad. But in the end Madison solved the problem but tape recording everything they both said and reported it. And also she apologized to all her friends and people who were involved in this hack. She admitted that she has talked behind their backs and shouldn’t have. When she did this she felt of relief, had no more guilt, and a lot of pressure and drama lifted off her back. In my opinion, I liked this book. Because this book kept you wondering who did it, why, what was their motive and how they hacked Madison’s Friendverse. And the suspense was good too, one moment you’re just reading about how they got hacked and you think you have an idea to who it is then, you get hit with who it really was and you get shocked at the result. But Madison found a way to get her life back to the way she wanted it and gained some new friends along the way. How to cite Katie Finn, Essay examples

Katie Finn Free Essays

Everything in her life was working out. She had her three best friends, a brand new boyfriend, and the lead in the school play. Who was she? Madison MacDonald was the name and she is seriously freaking out. We will write a custom essay sample on Katie Finn or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because ever since she got her Friendverse hacked her life went from perfect to terrible. The most damaging secrets are out and Madison was completely sabotaged. Now her boyfriend and she are broken up, half the school hates her, and her friends, and she’s in it deep. And now she has to figure out who could have done this, try to get her boyfriend back, and clear her name. This book takes place at first, Spring Break with Madison, the main character; or Protagonist she’s on break and her parents have decided to take her to the Galapagos Islands for the whole break. But when she returns and checks her Friendverse, her profile had been turned inside out. And then the setting mostly happens at her school. The mood of the book would make you experience the feelings of the main character. It’s mainly confusion, anger, and wonder. Because you would wonder who and why would try to sabotage Madison and be confused to what was their motive. The anger was mainly just all around Madison as she tried to get people to understand she was hacked, but yet nobody would believe her. Well, it seems that the Antagonists are Ruth, her Best Friend since Middle School, and her PC repair dude, Dell, a good friend of her, were the ones who hacked her profile. The Dynamic character was mostly Madison. Because as she learned and searched for answers, she became more mature and took total responsibility for the hack, because it was partly her fault too. Shy, another one of Madison’s closest friends, and Lissa, are the Static characters because they stayed the same through out the whole story. Releted essay –  An Empty Purse Frightens Away Friends Shy was the one who had multiple personalities, (Round Character) and Lissa mainly had one. (Flat Character) This story mainly was Indirect Characterization; you had to pick out how they were by how they acted. The author never really told you how they were. The point of view of the story is 1st person, because Madison was speaking as if we were in a movie watching things happen. Conflict was External; she was up against Person and Society. Because she was up against people and pretty much felt like it to her, the world. Themes/Motifs is Coming of Age, she has grown so much form beginning to end. And she discovered that her best friend had destroyed her relationship with her boyfriend because she had a crush on him. That she was jealous of her and that she was sick of everyone believing the â€Å"fake† Mad. But in the end Madison solved the problem but tape recording everything they both said and reported it. And also she apologized to all her friends and people who were involved in this hack. She admitted that she has talked behind their backs and shouldn’t have. When she did this she felt of relief, had no more guilt, and a lot of pressure and drama lifted off her back. In my opinion, I liked this book. Because this book kept you wondering who did it, why, what was their motive and how they hacked Madison’s Friendverse. And the suspense was good too, one moment you’re just reading about how they got hacked and you think you have an idea to who it is then, you get hit with who it really was and you get shocked at the result. But Madison found a way to get her life back to the way she wanted it and gained some new friends along the way. How to cite Katie Finn, Essay examples

The Wind That Shakes the Barley Essay Example

The Wind That Shakes the Barley Essay Patrick Jannings Yr 12 KEYS HOUSE English assignment 3A Q. 4 Visual texts are always intertextual. Discuss this notion referring to your viewing experiences this year. Texts are never viewed in isolation as we always view it through the prism of our previous encounters. Producers of visual texts rely on the viewers experiences to consume themselves in the text. The famous writer Michel Foucault once said that â€Å"a text is caught up in a system of references to other books, other texts, other sentences: it is a node within a network† The concept of intertextuality has definitely been taken into account in the production of the films â€Å"the Wind that Shakes the Barley†. In order to understand how the producer conveys his meaning and themes you must first fully understand the methods of construction and how these convey attitudes and values. In film a producer may use technical, symbolic, audio or written codes to convey his meaning of the text. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wind That Shakes the Barley specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Wind That Shakes the Barley specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Wind That Shakes the Barley specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Lighting plays a major part in the film â€Å"The Wind † The Irish weather has a slight affect as it is very soft, humid and cloudy. In various scenes in the film very foggy and rainy weather was evident. A very natural and soft light was seen throughout the movie as much of it was filmed outside where high tech lightening is not nessecerly a true representation of the films setting. The natural lighting was used to great effect using the particular instance of the scene where five or six members of the IRA are pictured walking slowly toward the camera out of the mist. The midst creates an eerie feeling in the air and this technique is used to great effect. Shot types play an essential role in constructing the text. The techniques used stayed pretty much the same even on a large and more action driven story. It seems that there is a simple positioning of the camera that just seems to flow from scene to scene. Most of the shots are long shots. What I found particularly affective in the film was the odd shot on the spectacular landscape. These shots are very intertextual as the beauty of the landscape tells a story in itself. Costume can be used as a powerful symbolic tool. Clothing can represent the time in which the film was set and therefore the characters can be shaped by the clothes they wear. The costumes in the film featured natural colors such as greens, browns and blues. These colors are dull and seemed to match the surrounding environment and represent the native Irish community in a time of struggle and low prosperity. One clever technique used in the film was the placement of distinguishable features on the main characters and let the lesser characters blend in with each other with similar clothes. For example Damien was distinguishble by his waistcoat and his hat and it was quite easy to make an association between the two. The setting in the film is one that is remembered by everyone who views it. The Irish landscape is well known around the world for its rugged and mysterious beauty. There is a particular scene in the film which outlines this point very well. It is the scene where Damien and another five or six other local IRA members leading the traitors Chris and Sir John Hamilton to there execution. The magnificent backdrop of the rugged mountain landscape with the glassy flowing rivers in the valley really typifies the beauty of the Irish country. This conflict between the splendor of the backdrop and the cruel execution of the young boy creates almost an atmosphere in itself and results in the scene being one of the most defining in the film. It must be understood that all filming was done in a small town by the name of West Cork in Ireland. Producers chose this town because it contained many historic architectural features of the 1920’s. Most of the houses are stone and are of muted and soft color. This seemed to compliment the environment of the setting but in no way stand out or create a distraction. Almost all of the music in the film is of Irish heritage and this illustrates Ken Loach ambition to promote the Irish culture. Irish Songs such as Oro Se do Bheatha Bhaile typify the Irish spirit within the film as it was written by nationalist leader Padraig Pearse and focuses upon republican themes. The majority of the characters in the film were of Irish background. This meant they spoke with the profound Irish accent and added to the sense of realism in the film. Many of the extras were also Irish and displayed the dominant features of the culture. One of the most important aspects in a feature film is the role of the characters. Characters in any text convey their personal qualities through dialogue and action by which the reader or audience understands their thoughts, feelings, intentions and motives. Characters either remain stable in their attitudes throughout the film or undergo personal development and change, whether through a gradual process or a crisis but in any case they usually remain consistent in their basic nature. The main characters of the film are Damien and Teddy. Damien is a medical student at University College Cork who has just qualified. He has won a place in London to train as a doctor and the idea of going to London, to be away from all of the fighting, is hugely attractive to him. After the influence of this brother Teddy and other dramatic events he decides to join the IRA in a dangerous and violent fight for freedom. Teddy is the experienced fighter who is headstrong and a leader of the group. Damien looks up to Teddy and gives him the upmost respect. These two characters share a unique brotherly bond and it is when the Free State Agreement is put forward that changes things forever. Members of the IRA suddenly looked to Teddy for political leadership and he struggled to cope with this. Teddy was a man of action and looks at things in a simple and pragmatic way. Damien is more of a thinker and one more suited for philosophical debate. The roles of these two characters seem to be reversed by the end of the film. Damien is the one who becomes firm and headstrong and teddy becomes muddled up tin the politics of it all and in the end becomes a strong believer in nothing. The way in which these two characters have been transformed over the duration of the film catches the attention of the viewer. The brotherly relationship and the split in opinions is something in which many brothers can relate to. In conclusion, â€Å"The wind that shakes the barley† directed by Ken Loach is a highly intertextual film. It contains technical, symbolic, audio and written codes which all work together to convey the message the producer is trying to get through to the viewer. The message of the infact is simple. It is a story driven by as deep sense of duty and love for ones country. It is a story of a fight against the odds with the message that there is always compromise in victory or defeat. news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/entertainment/5026620. stm www. opendemocracy. net/arts-Film/loach

buy custom Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System essay

buy custom Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System essay The Belize Barrier Reef is the second largest reef in the world after the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Its clear warm waters from its rivers and stream sources form a very good marine environment for the coral reefs. This series of coral reef stretch around 190miles and it consists of seven marine reserves, three atolls and 450 cayes. In total, it is 96,300 hectors. It is the top tourist destination in Belize. It is most popular for diving, snorkeling and its good fishing area. The ecological and biological processes supported here are of utmost importance and has led it to be named a world heritage site. The Belize Barrier Reef platform lies on the Atlantic-Caribbean coast and extends 260 km from the border with Mexico on the northern side, and near the Guatemalan border to the south. Life Forms in the Barrier Reef Reserve System The flora and fauna life in this barrier reef is remarkable; there are a total of 178 terrestrial plants and 247 taxa of marine flora. Vegetation types include178 species of vascular plants, 32 non-native species, White mangrove, Occasional black mangrove and lagoons. Animal Life is prevalent here too. There are over 500 species of fish, 65 scleritian corals, 45 hydroids and 350 molluses. Only 10% of the reef has been researched (Harrabin, Roger, 2006). Belize world heritage site is made up of the following proposed protected areas: 1)Glovers Reef Marine Reserve It has amazingly beautiful coral around eight hundred in number. It also supports wide variety of fauna including the endangered type of fish called Nassau Grouper (Handwerk Lauri, 2003). It is home for several types of rays, sharks and sea turtles. In Glovers Reef Marine Reserve, you will find the best biologically developed atoll in the Caribbean, the Glover's Reef Atoll. It is 394km2 and has the greatest diversity of reef types on earth. 2)Hol Chan Marine Reserve: It is considered as the best dive spot in Belize.It covers approximately 18 km and consists of interlinked system of coral reefs and mangroves. It is a natural break in the reef and a very productive fishing area. Here sport fishing is allowed. It is considered the best place to be for any scuba diver. 3)Half Moon Caye Natural monument: Situated 100 km east of Belize City, on the south-east edge of the Lighthouse Reef, it is located in 15 square miles of an area surrounded by waters and 10, 000 acres of the atoll. It holds the entire caye, large portion of the fringing reef and lagoon. The national park is the home to the rare red-footed booby birds, which are found only in Belize and the Galapagos Islands (McField, Bood, 2007). 4)Great Blue Hole: Located at the center of the Lighthouse Reef; it is a huge circular hole about one quarter of milecrossunderwater sinkhole.The water is 480 feet deep inside the hole. The depth of the water is what brings about the blue color. It was said to be a limestone cave during the earlier glacial period. When sea levels rose, the caves got flooded and the roof colapsed resulting in the hole. Today, this wonder hole is The Ultimate Dive Location for scuba divers. The waters house various species of fish, Nurse Sharks, Giant groupers and Black tip shark. Great Blue Hole is one of the most famous astounding dive sites in the world. Ecology of the area The ecosystem of the Belize coral reef is amazing. Blues of these organisms are sea urchins, sponges and grazing fish. Forces like that of waves also help in fragmenting the settle. Coralline algae are also important contributors to reef structure to those parts of the reef subjected to great forces by waves (such as the reef front facing the ocean). These algae deposit limestone in sheets on the reef surface, thereby strengthening it Biological Interrelationship The communities of coastal Belize as well as urban centers nearby have access to marine and near-shore resources. The reef is significantly important to the economy of Belize. Belize Barrier reef Reserve was initially important in fishing industry because of its wide range of species that was harvested. Recently, they have specialized with queen conch and lobster (Programme, U.N., 2009). This two make up the biggest percentage of exported seafood. There is also a domestic fishery and commercial fishery for deep slope snappers. The main use of the barrier reef though is tourism. People travel from everywhere around the world to tour the Belize barrier reef. It is famous for diving and snorkeling. Climate issues and flora issues The climate change has increased concerns on the well being of the reef. The main issue is global warming that increases ocean temperatures and when this happens there is coral bleaching. There has been two mass bleaching events. According to biologists and costal management institute in Belize, the first resulted in 10% mortality of coral colonies (1995) and the second caused a 48% reduction in live coral across Belize reef system. Hurricanes also do significant damage to Belizes coral reef. How Human Interference Affects the Area The population around has increased and thus significant human interference. Belize barrier reef reserve, its marine resources and forests are under threat mainly the following human activities; Over-exploitation of reef resources. This is mostly by fishing and tourism. The boat's anchors damage the reefs within eespecially near the Hol Chan area, the reefs are showing signs of stress also caused by over collection (Furley Ratter, 2002). Rapid coastal development leading to hotel and marina constructionand this is causing habitat alterations because of the high deforestation rate. Improper solid waste management like Sewagefrom urban centers, residential andtourist resorts causing pollution. Removal of vegetation including mangroves and seagrass areas resulting in erosion of the shoreline also, native vegetation on cays has been eliminated to create space for coconut plantations; this mostly affects the unique bird fauna found in the reef as it is deprived of nesting area (Flomenhoft, Cayetano Young, 2007). Sand mining and dredging causing choking of corals by siltation. Steps taken to Protect the Belize Barrier Reef. Management is being delegated to local communities and non-governmental organizations, but the government agencies are giving the support and assistance required. There are also Seasons or size limits descriptions of the types of activities permitted, descriptions of programs of research.Priority for clear-cutting by urban development steps to stop the threat of breeding colonies (Government of Belize, 2004). If funds were made available, the following could be done to help in Belize reef conservation. Environment education especially to the local people on how to conserve their environment and empowerment to the local communityto an extent of involving them when making decisions regarding their environment. Management plans for the Barrier reef that has been prepared to be enforced. These plans include Surveillance of certain areas in the barrier reef Training staff in environment conservation. Seasonal tourism recreation activities. This Plan will develop the conservation of the country's coastal resources through, development in monitoring and planning techniques, implementation of applied research, institutional strengthening and enhancement of public awareness. Actions an individual can undertake to ensure preservation of the barrier reef. An individual can play a significant role in Enhancing public awareness on the need to preserve this amazing barrier reef. The local community should be the main target as they can help in enforcement of rules set, example reporting those who fish illegally In conclusion, there are major concerns about the damages to the Belize barrier reef as the resources are deteriorating. Reef ecosystem is of remarkable biological importance and amazing beauty. It also provides a habitat for plenty of marine life species and is an area of great scientific value. All this is in danger of being lost. Only 10% of the reef has been researched.90% of the reef is not well known and if the funds are available, a lot will be done to ensure that the reef is safe and that it retains its biological and aesthetic value. Buy custom Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System essay

Grammar Myths Ending a Sentence with a Preposition

Grammar Myths Ending a Sentence with a Preposition Grammar Myths: Ending a Sentence with a Preposition Why do people always misquote me? Winston Churchill Ending a sentence with a preposition has long been forbidden by grammar pedants. And when accused of doing this, Winston Churchill is supposed to have responded: This is the sort of nonsense up with which I will not put! Do you see what he did there? And even if he probably never said it, it provides a great jumping off point for discussing a famous grammatical â€Å"rule.† So is ending a sentence with a preposition really so bad? And if not, where did the rule come from? Let us explain. The Origins of the Myth Some people insist that it’s wrong to end a sentence with a preposition. This is otherwise known as using a â€Å"terminal preposition.† The rule about this comes from the notion that English should follow the same rules as Latin, in which it is impossible to end a sentence with a preposition. For someone who holds this view, sentence A below would be wrong: A) You are reading the book which my article was published in. B) You are reading the book in which my article was published. The problem is that sentence A ends with the preposition â€Å"in,† while sentence B places the preposition in the middle of the sentence. Arguably, this makes B sound more formal than A. But, at the same time, it is easy to understand what sentence A means. And English is not Latin, so there is no reason to follow Latin-specific rules. Modern English is much more flexible about preposition placement. And there’s no reason not to end a sentence with a preposition. Is Ending a Sentence with a Preposition Wrong? In English, we regularly use prepositions at the end of sentences. As long as the sentence in question reads clearly, this is fine. In fact, as shown by the quote attributed to Churchill above, avoiding terminal prepositions can sometimes make a sentence more confusing! For instance, rather than â€Å"up with which I will not put,† we would usually say: This is the sort of nonsense which I will not put up with! And while this sentence ends with the preposition â€Å"with,† it is easier to understand than the original version, which was designed to show what happens when we follow grammar â€Å"rules† blindly. The â€Å"rule† forbidding terminal prepositions is thus a myth. But, more importantly, it’s also bad advice! Most of the time, it’s fine to end a sentence with a preposition, especially if it’s part of a verb phrase such as â€Å"put up with.† The key is ensuring your work is clear and easy to read. And if you’re ever unsure whether you’re using prepositions correctly, we’re here to help!

Management and Organizational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management and Organizational Behaviour - Essay Example According to Mullins, "Organisational behaviour does not encompass the whole of management; it is more accurately described in the narrower interpretation of providing a behavioural approach to management" (Mullins, 1993, p.2). rganizational behaviour includes people behaviour, management processes, organizational context and processes, and the influence of external environment. The term "behaviour science" is used to explain "a selective, interdisciplinary approach to the study of human behaviour" (Mullins, 1993, p.2-3). The main disciplines, which help to explain the nature of organizations and human behaviour, are psychology, anthropology and sociology. 2. An organization can be considered as a single system. Organizational factors are interdependent, and "cannot be studied in isolation" (Mullins, 1993, p.2). The main headings include the individual, the group, the organization and the environment. The individual can be seen in isolation or as a part of a group, "in response to expectations of organization" or environmental influences (Mullins, 1993, p.3). For the college under analysis, an individual represents by a student and a teacher, a managerial staff member, etc. An important aspect of the study of organizations is the study of people -behaviour in groups. This can give indications of why certain groups are effective and others are not. Group members in an organization will have one or more goals in common, such as students groups, teaching and management staff. Communication is essential within each group and members of a group have roles to play in order to achieve the group task. Expected behaviour patterns are developed within each group and these are referred to as norms. The organization is the basic framework within which individuals and groups behaviour occur. A college itself represents a formal structure of organization within which individuals and groups interact in order to reach the common goal. The quality and nature of the decisions made are influence by the nature of the structure. The environment contains a range of influences that affect an organization. They include: socio-demographic, technological, economic and political factors. In general, the environment of the eastern European countries can be characterized as economically unstable and backward in contrast to leading European countries. For this reason, to stress the importance of how the college is positioned with respect to its environment is necessary. 3. An open-system view recognizes that the social system is in a dynamic relationship with its environment, whereby inputs are received, transformed and outputs are passed on. Morgan in "Images of Organization" (1986 cited Mullins 1993, pp.6-7) singles out "contrasting metaphors" which help to understand organizational behaviour. They include: machines, organisms, brains, cultures, political systems, psychic prisons, flux and transformation, instruments of dominance. According to Morgan "viewing organisations as machines can provide the basis for efficient operation in a routine, reliable and predictable way". The college structure can be viewed as a bureaucratic structure which consists of parts that managed in accordance with changing environment. Organisms mean leaving systems which are able to adapt changes of rapidly changing environment. The college structure is a flexible system which reacts on changes and adapts

Describe a time when you experience a classroom as a community. How Essay

Describe a time when you experience a classroom as a community. How did the teacher create it How did it feel to belong to this - Essay Example The place was like a community to me as the bringing together of people with different backgrounds and ideologies was really worthwhile. The teacher ensured that the students in the classroom were able to interact with each other and probably learn more from the older group. This act by the teacher exposed the flaws of the education system where students are put in the same class with students of their peer group. The teacher created this community in such a way that the students were given the opportunity to acquire skills that would make them integrate easily into the society. The teacher made the students to have a deep sense of belonging as that act gave the students the opportunity to interact socially with other members of the academic community (Koch 28-31). It is true that schools shelter students from the opportunities of enlightening that exposure to wider social, ethnic and mixed age groupings might afford them as they would be restricted to the knowledge that is within th e school. The teacher made us aware in the classroom that the real lessons of life are not learnt within the walls of a school, but in the community or the society as the case may be. The teacher adequately prepared us for the challenges of a larger community and the society as a whole.

Concert Critique of Mozart and The Height of Classicism Essay -- Analy

Concert Critique of Mozart and The Height of Classicism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Sunday, December 07, 2003, I attended the Mozart and The Height of Classicism concert that was held in the Lincoln Theater of the New World Symphony orchestral academy. Conducted by Nicholas McGegan featuring pianist Robert Levin. There were two pieces of music during this concert, one of the movements was performed by the pianist alone as a solo, Mr. Robert Levin. The program’s title was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Chaconne from Idomeneo. The first piece was Concerto No. 24 in C minor for Piano and Orchestra, K. 491, Allegro, Larghetto, and Allegretto. The second piece was Symphony No. 36 in C major, K.425, â€Å"Linz†, Adagio-Allegro spiritoso, Andante, Menuetto-Trio, and Presto. This concert was unique in that the focus seemed to be as much on the instruments as in the music itself. As the pianist and conductor expressed the form of improvisation as Mozart did, which I will explain further on my critique.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concert began promptly at 3pm, when the conductor Nicholas McGegan entered the stage with the full theater clapping, along all the members of the orchestra. All the men and women in the orchestra including the conductor were wearing all black suits. Prior to his entrance I noticed that the orchestra began to play, it was obvious that the concert had not begun, so I realized that they were just toning their instruments. This also, happened when we returned from intermission. Being my first time to an orchestra I first thought that they were playing around with the instruments. The Allegro part was very good. I found my self enjoying the most the beginnings and endings of the movements. It also sounded very happy, and bright. This one and Larghetto I enjoyed fully since it was the beginning of the concert. This was my first time attending an orchestral concert. I noticed how beautiful the music sounded and I began to appreciate it a lot more. I can admit that how great and enjoyable was, that I was in a bit of a shock. This was nothing compared to listening to a compact disc. I can say that my favorite instrument was the violin. The play it was played, and how beautifully it sounded, it was like nothing I’ve hear before. In this orchestra I noticed that most violinist were mostly women. I think that this was because women have more sensitivity, which seemed necessary to play the i... ...rs where the violins, viola, cello, flutes, bassoon, French horns and timpani played a bigger role. I’m not saying that this piano concerto was horrible but I just didn’t enjoy as much the piano’s performance in those two movements. It might have been the pianist interpretation, and exercise of improvisation. These two movements were the last performance of the pianist and once the second movement ended the piano was removed from the orchestra. Mr. Robert Levin received his applause once he finished and when he walked back from the curtains. Over all I did love the concert because it was the same style of classicism. The last two movements Menuetto-Trio and Presto were conducted by Nicholas McGegan. My favorite was definitely the last one, because it was so exciting, energetic and fast paced. The timpani as well as all the other instruments sounded great. The timpani in this movement played louder and more frequently that all the other movements, including th e previous piece. There was only one percussionist and he played two timpani. So finally, I’ll end by saying again that the concert was great, and very well performed. I look forward to attending the New World Symphony again.

Change Management – A review

The determinants and Impediments of change In each branch of change management have been considered and addressed. Some elements fall outside the scope of the literature review and research. The literature review is structured in such a way that echoes this integration as illustrated in the following diagram (Figure M). Figure XX: Areas within and outside the research boundaries leading to organizational responsiveness to change. Figure XX: Areas within and outside the research boundaries leading to organizational responsiveness to change. People Management Leadership Organizational Context.Culture. Organizational Learning. Knowledge Management. Change Management. Change Management Change Management is neither an art nor a science; it is an individual process relying solely on the organization, individuals within the organization (employees), leadership style and management of the organization (middle and top managers), organizational culture, and a variety of external Influences Inc luding environmental, technological and social. The scope for change management within an organization to fail is huge; however the scope for effectiveness is as wide if approached logistically.It is important to keep in mind that change management is not an art or a science but each area and issue of change management is completely individualistic. Many authors have written and researched within the academic area of change application, and how it can be applied strategically to assist the organization. The work that these authors within the field of change management bring to the academic discussion have been studied, analyses, criticized and presented here in an attempt to both inform the reader and support the research and subsequent analysis.Organizational Dynamics Systems Theory The concept of the ‘organization' is not abstract from the idea of systems theory. The organization exists within an environment, has Inputs (l), Processes (P) and Outputs (O) taking into account both formal and informal subsystems and processes. Combined together this presents a system that is both effective and theoretically sound. â€Å"A system is an organized collection of parts interacting in certain ways to achieve certain goals. Any change in any part of the system will produce different effects† (Hellhole, 2006).As Hellhole (2006) identifies change can occur at an individual (l, P or O) level and see effective results, however the argument can also be constructed to assume that when change management is handled holistically, changing all the individual parts of the working cog model, a better result is often seen. Theory in this area is rather limited, however Senior and Swales (2010) present the following illustration (Figure 10) which builds upon the work of Child (1973) focused on the intangible elements of organizational operations. â€Å"Systems thinking† is relevant to highlight here.Whilst it is possible for change to be approached from n indivi dual (l, P or O) level, as well as a holistic stance, systems thinking looks at the concept of ‘does it need changing to enhance the overall level of organizational effectiveness'. An example that may be given here to help explain and contextual this point is that of a maintenance company repaving a road. One element of the system may be to fill the hole with a temporary road surface which is followed up by the removal of this and re-surfacing to correct standards a week later.It could be argued that both elements of the process could be enhanced but the systems hinging viewpoint would maintain that removing stage one would enhance effectiveness, reduce cost and wastage, as well as the crucial element of satisfying customer demand. The author finds this theory and viewpoint interesting and will return to this concept at a later point. Figure 10: The Organization as a System – adapted from the work of Senior and Swales (2010) A key area that the author feels is missing f rom Senior and Swales (2010) model is feedback.Organizations are subject to change and influence from the external environment; this therefore requires a agree of planning and control, which is most effective if informed with feedback. Removing the feedback loop from the ‘organization' almost takes the model back to the classical theorists that considered organizations as rational but closed systems (Hellhole, 2006). Through the addition of the feedback loop the system becomes open as well as debatable more ‘open' to change.Hayes (2002) expands on this concept of open systems commenting that, â€Å"Open-systems theory provides such a framework and views organizations as a system of interrelated components that transact with a larger environment. From the perspective of open systems, some of the main characteristics of organizations are that they are: embedded within a larger system, able to avoid entropy, regulated by feedback, subject to equability, cyclical McKinney a nd the AS model can be used here to look at the infrastructure of the organization, in addition to the informal and formal processes that is presented above.An analysis of the internal environment from this perspective adds to the depth of analysis that can be undertaken. The AS model encompasses the areas of Structure, Systems, Style, Staff, Skills, Strategy and Shared Values providing a useful LOL to merge both tangible and intangible organizational elements. At the analysis stages of this research it will be interesting to return to the idea of change at both an individual (l, P and O) and organizational level and contrast this to what is observed within the case studies, and the influence that this holds over organizational readiness and responsiveness to change.The concept of organizational systems theory is Just one very small part of the evolution of organization theory. This links with the changes in development of change management theory addressed revisions due to culture and influencing factors throughout the eras. The question can always be asked that is everything that the business doing contributing to fulfilling the customer's demands? The author would suggest that this is not necessarily always a requirement, however this could be debated further.Contingency Theory – Mechanistic and Organic Organizations Before the theories and application of change management are examined and analyses, the author believes it to be of importance to examine organizational dynamics as briefly highlighted above within Section 3. 4. 1 . There are three main viewpoints; open yester theory, contingency theory, and congruence model for organizational assessment. Open systems theory as previously discussed looks as the organization as having Inputs, Processes and Outputs and is made ‘open' through the inclusion of a feedback loop.This basic approach was enhanced through the work of Burns and Stalker (1961) and Lawrence and Lora's (1967) who identify that o rganizations do not exist and operate within a vacuum, and investigated the relationship between the internal structure and the environments in which they operate (external environment). Their results, characterized due to the degree of internal formality, internal structure and external stability results in what they term ‘mechanistic' and ‘organic' organizations. They described firms that operated in stable environments as ‘mechanistic' because they were characterized by many rules and procedures and were dominated by a hierarchy of authority. The firms that operated in less stable environments were described as ‘organic' because they tended to have a free-flowing, De-centralized and adaptive internal organization† (Hayes, 2002). Mechanistic Organizational Characteristics Organic Organizational Characteristics 1 . Specialized tasks, narrow in scope 1 . Common tasks and interdependencies 2. Tasks rigidly defined 2. Tasks adjusted and redefined as requi red 3.Strict hierarchy of authority 3. Less adherence to formal authority and rules 4. Centralized knowledge and control 4. Decentralized knowledge and control 5. Hierarchical communication 5. Network communication, diffused channels Table 18: Characteristics of Burns and Stalker's (1961) Contingency Theory – Mechanistic and Organic Organizations There are a range of critics around congruence theory; some agree and identify with the ‘alignment' that this model (2000) for example, disagree arguing that the explanation for organizational operation is not clear enough.The author does not have a specific view on this matter. It has not been unknown for alignment to be criticized within the field due to the fact that it is very difficult to apply in practice. It is clear within both the work of Burns and Stalker (1961) and Child (1973) that changes to one or more of either the internal or external elements will have an impact upon other elements that therefore may also requi re change subsequently.This was highlighted and expanded upon by the work of Cotter (1980) who in essence merges open systems theory and interagency theory creating an integrative model of organizational dynamics. He uses his model comprised of six structural elements and key organizational processes to address impacts upon the organization in both the short, medium and long term time Figure 1 1: Cotter's integrative model of organizational dynamics. Source: Cotter (1980) Table 19: Cotter's integrative model of organizational dynamics.Source: Cotter (1980) Cotter's (1980) work can be used to look at readiness and responsiveness from an organizational dynamics perspective. In the short term Cotter comments that organizational effectiveness is enhanced and determined by he speed with which the organization can control and respond to any of the six structural elements before they start to have an impact on one of the other areas. However using the integrative model for a long term appr oach the idea of readiness is very much at the core.Adaptability to the six structural elements will be the determinant of effectiveness; this requires organizations to put into place tools and techniques that will help evaluate elements that determine which structural element will 'emerge as the driving force that shapes the development of the company (Hayes, 2002). Adaptability is important because it determines whether or not the organization will be able to maintain the required degree of alignment over the long term.Over the longer term, therefore, the focus of change management needs to ensure that the structural elements of the organization are as adaptable as possible† (Hayes, 2002). The organizational dynamics need to support the organizations ability to be both ready and responsive to change; readiness helps support the long term strategy whilst responsiveness will assist in the rectification of the cause-effect relationships that interlink the organizational system together.Congruence Model – the focus towards strategy As the thinking behind organizational management developed the importance of strategy increased amongst firms; a few years after the development of the above organizational dynamic models Needle and Dustman (1982) entered into the academic arena with their take on systems theory, the difference being a strategic focus adopted. Some of the elements of the congruence model are derived from work by Alleviate (1965) and Katz and Kahn (1966) (both cited in Hayes, 2002).The congruence model is in effect a different take on open systems theory. Its main preference is its focus towards strategy and strategic management through assessing the congruency of the organizational components on organizational effectiveness. A distinct difference between the work of Needle and Dustman (1982) and open systems theory is that the integrative model focuses in some depth around the relationship between all of the components within the transfor mational process.This and allows the authors to propose a model that's key concept, of congruence or alignment between the organization, the environment and the internal components of the organization, aids organizational diagnoses and the development of change management strategies. Needle and Dustman play specific emphasis towards the four components that they believe create the transformation process (informal organization, formal organization, task, individual); they look specifically at the relationship between each of these components (six fits' as discussed in Table 20) and that influence on the organization as a whole.This is illustrated by the directional arrows in Figure 12 below. Relationship between†¦ Example areas for consideration Individual Formal Organization What extent are individual needs met by the formal organizational arrangement? For example – Personal Learning Styles (Briggs Myers and Briggs Myers, 1980; Honey and Uniform, 2000), Team Roles (Beeli ne, AAA), and specific HER elements such as Individual appraisal processes (CHIP, AAA; Armstrong, 2009; Armstrong and Baron, 2004). Individual Task To what extent do individuals have the skills necessary to meet task demands and to what extend do the tasks satisfy individual needs?Individual Informal Organization To what extent does the informal organization satisfy the needs of the individuals or make best use of their talents? For example is the individual's Learning Style or personality type understood and utilized within the team, and organizational context (Briggs Myers and Briggs Myers, 1980; Butterflies, 2008). Task Formal Organization To what extent are the formal organizational arrangements adequate to meet the demands of the task? Task Informal Organization To what extent does the informal organization facilitate task performance?For example the work of John Adair looking at Task, Team, and Individual (1996). Formal Organization Informal Organization To what extent are the goals, rewards and structures of the informal organization consistent with those of the formal organization. Table 20 : Areas for consideration between the ‘six fits' of the transformation process in the Congruence Model. Adapted from: Hayes (2002) One element that strikes as being predominant, and harmonies with the opinion of the author, is that of the individual.This model takes into consideration an area that most other models merely merge with other organizational elements. Here the individual is given specific credit and attention, and is focused on in terms of interaction with the formal organization, the informal organization, and the organizational tasks. The individual is seen as a personalized resource to the cuisines that brings individual skills and knowledge that help to equip and shape the organization. The author has a specific interest in the role of the individual (Butterflies, 2008; Section 3. 3. ), but it is also an important element for authors such as He llhole (2006), and is therefore a significant ingredient within the congruence model to draw the reader's attention towards. Hellhole (2006) comments, â€Å"Increasingly, there is recognition that organizational success depends largely on the skills and commitment of a knowledge-based workforce and that organizational ultras conducive to high performance are central to sustaining success beyond the short term†. Figure 12: Needle and Dustman's (1980) Congruence Model. Source: Needle and strategy before the transformation process.This inevitability requires that management have looked at and decided on the appropriate strategy in advance; it almost contradicts the process as one would assume that the strategic direction would follow the process and possibly the output. With the inclusion of the feedback loop it could be considered that this is the case and its position here is deliberate fitting with the experiential learning cycle of Kola (1984). At the application stages of t his research when the case studies are looked at it will be interesting to see where this features in the reality of the organizations.All of the models looked at and discussed above can only ever be a simplification of reality. In terms of change management it is the ability to take these models and look at their use in turning ability to become an appropriate conceptual framework for taking an existing situation and managing the desired change within the applicable circumstances. Out of all of the models looked at the author feels that the congruence model is the cost applicable within the research to be carried out.This is mainly due to its strategic focus, and consideration of the individual. As previously mentioned the models only become applicable and useful if application as a conceptual framework can be adopted. This will be applied and analyses within the findings chapter (Section 5). Drivers for change There are many drivers for change and these are dependent upon on the a rea of change that you address. This is such a huge topic and an in-depth analysis far exceeds the scope that the topic can occupy within this thesis.It is hoped that the main drivers for change for each organization will become apparent within the case study analysis as these are very personal and dependent on both the organization and the industry that the organization is operating within. The following drivers for change are included to provide context and provide some food for thought; these have been taken from the text ‘Understanding Change', by Hellhole (2006). Competition Globalization Demands for greater transparency and accountability Global Sustainability Technology The e-economy The consumer revolution The social context Knowledge Management Future organizational trendsChanging industrial relations climate and employment legislation Stereotypical social attitudes The rise of the stakeholder Degree at which innovation progresses Demographics and Social fragmentation they believe to be the 10 top drivers for organizational change in 2010; whilst these make interesting reading for the author, the author is of particular support with the tenth; â€Å"a new war for talent commences†. This picks up on what the author has been trying to convey throughout the sections on Personnel Management (Section 3. ) and Knowledge Management (Section 3. 3). Not only are there external drivers for change UT internal ones too. As people recover from the economic crisis they will begin to drive forward organizational change in a bid to better themselves and get credit and assurance of their work to the organization. Organizations need to bear this is mind and respond appropriately. The ten top drivers for organizational change as identified by Bloomberg Businesslike (2010) are: † 1 . Consumer preferences will remain â€Å"reset† based on values, not pricier.Energy costs will continue to increase in the medium termed. U. S. Tax policy could erode the competitive positioning of U. S. Companies. Innovation happens for emerging market consumers, not in emerging markets 05. A new return to vertical integration gains traction 06. Industry shifts create competitive shifts 07. Increases in information requires more Judgment from decision makers 08. Markets reward long-term strategic focuses. Economic recovery wont mean recovery for everyone 010. A new war for talent commences† Bloomberg Businesslike (2010).Kurt Lenin; group focused change theory Kurt Lenin can be quoted as saying â€Å"Group life is never without change† (1947). Predominantly Kurt Lenin presents us with a change management theory revolving round the concept of unfreezing – change – and refreezing which presents a high- level approach to change. This has specific relationships back to the school of personnel management due to its importance for change in group settings as highlighted by Lenin in his work ‘Frontiers in Group dynamics ' addressing the art of social science of social equilibrium and social change (1947).Linen's work is not only applicable in a group setting it also holds great importance for the individual context too as well as large communities of practice and teams (Lenin, 1947). Through use of he model there is scope for management to make a radical change, minimize disruption of operations and ensure that the change becomes a permanent and rooted element of the organization through the re-freezing stage.The model, very focused around getting people to change as opposed to changing an organization, consists of three stages: Unfreezing – This is based upon the assumption that there is a need to change as present practices may have become outdated, slow, ineffective, expensive etc†¦. The need to instigate the unfreezing stage is typically based upon an assumption that the status quo is no longer desirable or positive; exulting from this there is often a motivation for change, the tea m unites, recognizes the need for change and begins the process of change management.It is essential there is some degree of confidence amongst the team that the change will be implemented and fulfilled successfully in order to achieve group ‘buy-in' and a positive Psychological Contract. The Change – Normal change management theories and principles generally come into play here. Whilst the team may all be on common stress will develop, individuals will have different ideas of the perceived outcomes, expectations will not be managed, the Psychological Contract diminish etc†¦ This is a time of exploration of opportunities where goals and objectives are set and implementation for change is developed.Lenin stresses the fact that it is essential as with any other change management theory that goals, objectives and plans for implementation are continually assessed and reassessed in order to generate the best possible outcomes. It is important to note here that whilst th e objectives are important for Lenin this does not necessarily form the most essential stage. His focus upon change within groups provides a perspective that is more in line with the needs of individuals and maintain positive relationships and focus, in order to bring about a successful re- freezing stage as described below.Re-freezing – At the completion of the change discussions when implementation has been rolled out across all involved, Lenin identifies the need for re-freezing. â€Å"Change will only reach its full effect if it's made permanent† (Lenin, 1947). As in the re-freezing of a liquid it is important to cement or solidify the change making it an official procedure of the organization; in drawing specific attention to the completion of the project and the new processes re-freezing would therefore inhibit individuals returning to the old ways as existed pre-change process.Refreezing is the heart of this model. Lenin (1947) comments, â€Å"A change towards a higher level of group performance is frequently short-lived, after a â€Å"shot in the arm†, group life soon returns to the previous level. This indicates that it does not suffice to define the objective of planned change in group performance as the reaching of a different level. Permanency of the new level, or permanency for a desired period, should be included in the objective. † Figure 13: Kurt Linen's model of unfreezing and re-freezing.Source: Adapted from Lenin (1947) Right Sizing There are various authors who have looked into the correlation between the size of the firm in terms of personnel and effectiveness in organizational performance. There is however still a heightened awareness that there are additional variables that impose upon organizational effectiveness namely technology; it is said that this could possibly account for up to fifty per cent of the variability in result findings which lead to an inconclusive theory being proposed (Senior and Swales, 2 010).Culture, leadership style, and politics all have an influence on the correlation teens size and organizational performance. Child (1988) who investigated into the correlation between size and performance concluded that the leadership style operated within the organization was relevant to the size of the organization (number of employees employed). It was the leadership style and subsequent influence into the structure that Child's (1988) sees as having an impact upon organizational effectiveness including role specialization and formalization.Senior and Swales (2010) summaries the work of Child (1988); large organizations with a higher degree of bureaucracy structure were in general better performed. Bureaucracy did not work for the smaller organization who had a better degree of performance with a more informal leadership style. â€Å"In organizations with below 2,000 people performance was assumed to be better in those that have little formal structure more bureaucracy and s uperior performance was greater† (Senior and Swales, 2010). Several external driving forces for change (Section 3. 4. ) such as the current economic climate and recent recession which have occurred at both local, regional, national and even international levels have created a heightened degree of urgency or organizations to increase efficiency; many are doing this through operations management and seeing the organizations as a clearly defined set of inputs, processes and outputs. The author is of the belief that for successful change management to occur the process of managing change must occur holistically, which can also occur when viewed through the strategic lens.Both the immediate survival and long term sustenance of any organization heavily depends on organizational responsiveness to its external environment and its ability to face the external challenge. A huge problem facing strategic re-focusing of operations creates opposition due to an emotional connection to common practice challenged by the need to change for survival (Balloon and Hope-Halley, 2008, Sense, 1993). With the distinct lack of literature on right sizing the author has conceptualized a model that illustrates where the concept of right-sizing fits into the organization.Taking the multi-lens perspective approach (Regional and Sprinter, 1996) and essential elements of organizational management the author proposes that the concept of right sizing is situated predominately within the cognitive lens. Figure 14: Position of right sizing within the organization Right sizing would normally e linked to the structural view of the organization. The Rational Lens considers the structure of the organization as an ought-to-be scenario.The Cognitive Lens considers right sizing as what is practicably possible scenario. The Rational Lens considers culture and corporate politics as an impediment to change which is what many change managers attempt to override or ignore. With the cognitive lens appro ach culture and corporate politics are seen as an intrinsic component of change. Therefore culture and corporate politics should be understood and made to become â€Å"enablers† within the change management process.This is currently the issue that several organizations are facing. By positioning right sizing as a resulting factor of a combination of Organizational Culture, Politics and Organizational Type the author feels that it will help in the analysis stages where the variety of case studies will be analyses. As mentioned within Section 2 the case study profiles were deliberately selected by the author for their variations in size.The author feels that it is important to note here that there is not necessarily a formula for what is the ‘right size' of an organization or a specific team dealing with change management, UT that this may be discussed throughout the finding and analysis chapter (Section 5) where the case studies may lead towards generating an inclination as to what works best. The Readiness of Change Several articles regarding both individual and institutional readiness to change (readiness') within an organizational context have been written over the centuries.Many well respected, and up-and-coming academics have posed models and theories in relation to how readiness can be increased, encouraged and developed within both individual and institutional spheres of influence; a large gap that is still existent in the knowledge base centers around the definition of ‘readiness to change'. Several pieces of relevant academic literature and building together a picture towards a ‘comprehensive definition' of readiness for change.Holt et all's work which has been consulted extensively opens with an important issue that the author must recognize; the lack of measurement of readiness for change does not arise from a lack of instruments designed for this purpose. There are several in existence but without a common and universal unde rstanding of what constitutes readiness a liable and robust framework, to operate quantitatively cannot (and has not currently) been developed.Evidently, with readiness being an area of research that is being encouraged (Holt et al, 2007) this is therefore an area that requires the knowledge gap being fulfilled in order for research in this area to pursue. It is the aim of the forthcoming section to be devoted to this cause, reviewing the use of the literature, working towards a definition of readiness, and identifying means of its analysis within a strategic institutionally based context. There is also the need for the adopted method to be suitable to institutions of different natures, sizes and specialties; as always generalization is imperative.Readiness and Resistance; are they related concepts? The concept of readiness is a result of the concept and result of resistance – a sweeping statement or Just a different approach? It is perhaps no surprise, that change management due to its inclusion with the human resource management approach is highly subjective to the reactions of people (employees). This would explain the development of the need to research readiness, resulting from manager's efforts to reduce resistance to change.Again the body of literature exists in this area, yet Ramekins et al (1993, cited in Holt et al, 2007) put forward their argument that any of these, â€Å"strategies designed to help managers avoid resistance, are effective only to the extent which they facilitate employee readiness†. The circular nature of this issue is again illustrated here. The transition of the Traditional HARM philosophy into the personnel management phase transfers its focus from objectives and output into placing value, focus and ultimately having an investment and involvement with he people.To some extent it can be argued that traditionally to date the people management processes within educational setting operate under this philosophy; a large degree of responsibility and autonomous working is put upon the employee's and in response it is hoped that the organization values staffs contributions. General motivational principles (Amazon, etc†¦ ) encourage the involvement of employees in a drive to encourage general commitment to organizational objectives and partnering of aims, especially plans for development, drive forward and ultimately change.Readiness has been looked at with a specific workforce focus; whilst this is important, organizational culture, as explored above, external pressures and the lack of a strategic dimension can also reduce organizational readiness. What impact does this have on the organization's desire to change and move into a market leader position, driving forward its position within the market and gaining an advantage in what is a highly competitive market arena. Oakland and Tanner's Organizational Change Framework Research supporting the model Oakland and Tanner have been instrumental in t he field of research into change

The Movie Wild Essay - 1201 Words

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